I know the credit is available to business but is it available to not for profit organizations?

no

Why did Adam Smith object to the corporate form of firm organization? Is the problem he identified relevant at all today, for the U.S. and the rest of the world?

To quote Smith, "The policy of Europe occasions a very important inequality . . . by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than might otherwise be disposed to enter into them. The exclusive privileges of corporations are the principal means it makes use of for this purpose."

AND

“[An] increase of competition would reduce the profits of the masters as well as the wages of the workmen. The trades, the crafts, the mysteries, would all be losers. But the public would be a gainer, the work of all artificers coming in this way much cheaper to market.”

Corporations inhibit competition and disadvantage consumers. Obviously, the situation is the same today as it was in Smith’s time.

Leadership literally means that a person is capable of leading a team or teams, motivating and guiding them to achieve the organization’s goals with optimization of resources in a particular time frame.

Team spirit, strategy, planning, scheduling, dedication and over all performance are the main points to be focused to judge leadership in an organization.

The reaching of the ;objective might have warranted an organisation to change its strategy. One, competitor may be surprised; the other the competitor would have forced for this change of strategy. Either way, organisation for getting its stated goal has done that.
VR

change those to my own names?
like ISP:xtremePings and organization : XtremePings?
can i ?

its not possible, the isp provides you with those details

Wow – what big words.
When the dynamics are changing in an organization, communication is much more important and the communication must be a lot better. It is important that all levels understand the changes that are being made and be able to react to those changes. More importantly, all levels need to understand how the changes impacted the organization as soon as possible after the effect. People can not react to change without knowing what has happened.

I seem to be completely disorganized when it comes to my classes and assignments. I start the school year being so organized that i actually overachieve and get As on everything but then i steadily descend into a period of slacking off and laziness. I have no idea why. How can I make it easier to become organized and become motivated? I recently failed a super tough honors class and now i have to attend summer school! Thats just not me. I really need some help and advice. Thx.

I can relate. At the beginning of the school year you HAVE to start and maintain a routine. It actually kind of sucks that you are more motivated at the beginning of the school year and not the end because at the end, final projects and exams is when it’s really useful. If you set yourself a routine and you force yourself to keep it, you are set for success. This might sound like bull but there is no easy way to be successful in school or the real world.

what is the defininition of a business organization also?

What makes a business? Must be people paying money for goods or services, yes?

I was travelling recently and visited a city where the population is 180,000 people. In that city there are 7 universities and an article in the paper said that between them they own over 1000 buidings, they employ over 10,000 people including over 2000 professors, and have over 40,0000 students who pay an average of over $25,000 each per year to attend school.

That is $1 billion dollars per year of money that comes to the city because of the schools.

So, is that a business? – I think you could call it an Industry!

And because of the wonderful young people, the city is thriving. It is full of life – art, music, theater, many people who are educated and come to the city because they want to take part in the cultural life or raise their children in an atmosphere of culture….

Q- Human Resource Management of an organization practices a variety of strategies to fulfill its mission and objectives. These strategies include:
Recruitment and selection strategies
Personnel planning strategies
Training and development strategies
Performance appraisal strategies
Compensation strategies
Employment relation strategies
In execution of these strategies, HR manager are challenged by a number of complex social, economic, legal and ethical issues. Discuss at-least five such issues with the help of examples.

Discrimination – Sexual, Age, and Racial. Obviously HR deals with the issues in all of the categories and must not use bias in those decision.
Documentation- The decisions that are made in HR or by management often have later repercussions and documentation reduces risks.
Environmental – HR is often in the discussions of management decisions and environmental issues have to be a part of the discussion. HR is usually the conscience of the company.
Ethics itself – There is often pressure on the operation management to make decisions that sometimes have ethical issues. Hr has to be beyond that are be the voice of reason.
Future – Again the operational management looks at issues often in short range. Building training programs, newspapers, cross-training, etc are often profit reducers and are pressured by budget constraints. HR has to explain the real issues and the future profit improvements to fight for their programs.

oops

<<An organisation has developed some computerized systems. These systems would have been brought up "one function at a time". So, does the organization know what the organization structure was at the time a function was brought up ? >>

You might want to give us the rest of the question. We don’t know what "the organization" or the "function" refer to.